Organic light-emitting device

ABSTRACT

An organic light-emitting device includes an auxiliary layer located between a first electrode and a hole injection layer or a hole transport layer and including a metal fluoride. The metal of the metal fluoride may be a Group III metal having a high work function of 3.8 eV or more. The hole injection barrier at the interface between the first electrode and the hole injection layer may be adjusted by the fluoride of the high work function metal in the auxiliary layer so that the electron-hole charge balance and the efficiency of the organic light-emitting device may be improved.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean PatentApplication No. 10-2020-0023845, filed on Feb. 26, 2020, in the KoreanIntellectual Property Office, the entire content of which isincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

One or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure relate toan organic light-emitting device.

2. Description of Related Art

Organic light-emitting devices are self-emission devices that producefull-color images, and may also have wide viewing angles, high contrastratios, short response times, and/or excellent characteristics in termsof brightness, driving voltage, and/or response speed, compared todevices in the art.

One example of an organic light-emitting device includes a firstelectrode disposed on a substrate, and a hole transport region, anemission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrodesequentially disposed on the first electrode. Holes provided from thefirst electrode may move toward the emission layer through the holetransport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode maymove toward the emission layer through the electron transport region.Carriers (such as holes and electrons) may recombine in the emissionlayer to produce excitons. These excitons may transition from an excitedstate to a ground state to thereby generate light.

SUMMARY

One or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure aredirected toward an organic light-emitting device including an auxiliarylayer, the auxiliary layer being located between a first electrode andone of a hole injection layer or a hole transport layer, and including afluoride of a metal satisfying a set or predetermined condition.

Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description thatfollows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may belearned by practice of the presented embodiments of the disclosure.

One or more example embodiments of the present disclosure provide anorganic light-emitting device including a first electrode;

a second electrode facing the first electrode; and

an organic layer including: an emission layer between the firstelectrode and the second electrode, and a hole transport region betweenthe first electrode and the emission layer,

wherein the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer and/ora hole transport layer located between the first electrode and theemission layer, and an auxiliary layer between the first electrode andone of the hole injection layer or the hole transport layer,

wherein the auxiliary layer includes a fluoride of a metal having a workfunction of 3.8 eV or more, and

the one of the hole injection layer or the hole transport layer includesa p-dopant.

In one embodiment, the metal having a work function of 3.8 eV or moremay be a Group III metal.

In one embodiment, the metal having a work function of 3.8 eV or moremay be at least one selected from aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium(In), and thallium (Tl).

In one embodiment, the auxiliary layer may include at least one selectedfrom AlF₃, GaF₃, InF₃, and TIF₃.

In one embodiment, the auxiliary layer may include (e.g., consist of)the fluoride of the metal and may have a single-film form (e.g., mayinclude a single film of the fluoride of the metal and), or may furtherinclude a hole transport material.

In one embodiment, the auxiliary layer may further include a holetransport material, and

may include the fluoride of the metal and the hole transport material ata volume ratio of 100: x (here, x is greater than 0 and less than 100).

In some embodiments, the hole transport material may be at least oneselected from m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB, β-NPB, TPD, spiro-TPD,spiro-NPB, α-NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine(TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA),poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS),polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), a compound represented by Formula 201, and acompound represented by Formula 202:

In Formulae 201 and 202,

L201 to L205 may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xa1 to xa4 may each independently be selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3,

xa5 may be selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and

R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

In one embodiment, the auxiliary layer may be in direct contact with thefirst electrode.

In one embodiment, the auxiliary layer may be in direct contact with theone of the hole injection layer or the hole transport layer.

In one embodiment, the auxiliary layer may have a thickness of about 5 Åto about 200 Å.

In one embodiment, the p-dopant may have a lowest unoccupied molecularorbital (LUMO) energy level of less than about −3.5 eV.

In one embodiment, the p-dopant may include at least one selected fromquinone derivatives, metal oxides, cyano group-containing compounds, andalkyl halides.

In one embodiment, the p-dopant may be a metal oxide, and may begenerated according to Reaction Scheme 1 at an interface between theauxiliary layer and the one of the hole injection layer or the holetransport layer, and may include a compound represented by metal M andM′F₃:

3MF_(α)+αM′→3M+αM′F₃.  Reaction Scheme 1

In Reaction Scheme 1, M is a Group III metal, M′ is a metal elementincluded in the metal oxide included in the one of the hole injectionlayer or the hole transport layer, and a satisfies 0<α<5.

In one embodiment, the one of the hole injection layer or the holetransport layer may further include a material including an electronwithdrawing group (EWG).

In one embodiment, the hole transport region may include: the holeinjection layer; and the hole transport layer between the hole injectionlayer and the emission layer, the hole injection layer may include ap-dopant, and the hole transport layer may include a hole transportmaterial.

In one embodiment, the hole transport region may further include anelectron blocking layer between the hole transport layer and theemission layer.

In one embodiment, an electron transport region may be included betweenthe emission layer and the second electrode, and the electron transportregion may include an electron transport material.

In one embodiment, the electron transport region may include at leastone layer selected from a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, anelectron control layer, an electron transport layer, and an electroninjection layer.

One or more example embodiments of the present disclosure provide anorganic light-emitting device including a first electrode,

a second electrode facing the first electrode,

m emission units between the first electrode and the second electrode,and

m−1 charge generating layers between two adjacent emission units of them emission units, each of the charge generating layers including onen-type charge generating layer and one p-type charge generating layer,

wherein m is an integer of 2 or more,

wherein the m emission units each include a hole transport region, anemission unit, and an electron transport region, which are arranged inorder,

wherein a first hole transport region among the m hole transport regionsincludes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or acombination thereof, each located between the first electrode and afirst emission layer, and an auxiliary layer between the first electrodeand one of the hole injection layer or the hole transport layer,

wherein the auxiliary layer includes a fluoride of a metal having a workfunction of 3.8 eV or more, and

the one of the hole injection layer or the hole transport layer includesa p-dopant.

One or more example embodiments of the present disclosure provide adisplay apparatus including a thin-film transistor including a sourceelectrode, a drain electrode, an activation layer, and the organiclight-emitting device, wherein the first electrode of the organiclight-emitting device is in electrical connection with one of the sourceelectrode or the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certainembodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the followingdescription taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, inwhich:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a structure of an organic light-emittingdevice according to an embodiment; and

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a structure of an organic light-emittingdevice according to another embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in more detail to embodiments, examples ofwhich are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein likereference numerals refer to like elements throughout, and duplicativedescriptions thereof may not be provided. In this regard, the presentembodiments may have different forms and should not be construed asbeing limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, theembodiments are merely described below, by referring to the drawings, toexplain aspects of the present description. As used herein, the term“and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of theassociated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, the expression “atleast one of a, b, or c” may indicate only a, only b, only c, both a andb, both a and c, both b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variationsthereof.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. Expressions such as “at least one of,” “one of,” and“selected from,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entirelist of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list.

It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,”“comprises,” and/or “comprising,” used herein specify the presence ofstated features or components, but do not preclude the presence oraddition of one or more other features or components. Further, the useof “may” when describing embodiments of the present disclosure refers to“one or more embodiments of the present disclosure”.

It will be understood that when a layer, region, or component isreferred to as being “on” or “onto” another layer, region, or component,it may be directly or indirectly formed on the other layer, region, orcomponent. In some embodiments, for example, intervening layers,regions, or components may be present. When an element is referred to asbeing “directly on,” “[in] direct contact,” “directly connected to,” or“directly coupled to” another element, there are no intervening elementspresent.

Sizes and dimensions of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated forconvenience of explanation. In other words, because the sizes andthicknesses of components in the drawings are arbitrarily illustratedfor convenience of explanation, the following embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto.

The term “organic layer” as used herein refers to a single layer and/ora plurality of layers disposed between the first electrode and thesecond electrode of an organic light-emitting device. Materials includedin the “organic layer” are not limited to being organic materials.

The expression “(an organic layer) includes a compound represented byFormula 1” as used herein may include a case in which “(an organiclayer) includes one compound of Formula 1” and a case in which “(anorganic layer) includes two or more different compounds of Formula 1”.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described inmore detail with reference to the attached drawings.

Description of FIG. 1

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emittingdevice 10 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Theorganic light-emitting device 10 includes a first electrode 110, anemission layer 150, and a second electrode 190.

Referring to FIG. 1, the organic light-emitting device 10 includes: afirst electrode 110; a second electrode 190 facing the first electrode110; an organic layer including an emission layer 150 between the firstelectrode 110 and the second electrode 190; and a hole transport region130 between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer 150, whereinthe hole transport region 130 includes a hole injection layer 132between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer 150 and anauxiliary layer 131 between the first electrode 110 and the holeinjection layer 132, the auxiliary layer 131 includes a fluoride of ametal having a work function of 3.8 eV or more (e.g., a metal fluoride),and the hole injection layer 132 includes a p-dopant.

Here, the work function may be measured by using a surface analyzermodel AC2, which is a photoelectron spectrometer in air (PESA)manufactured by RIKEN KEIKI, Co. Ltd., but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, the metal may have a work function of 7.0 eV orless.

In some embodiments, the metal having a work function of 3.8 eV or moremay be a Group III metal.

In the related art, a high dielectric constant material has been appliedto an organic light-emitting device to reinforce a carrier tunnelingeffect, but a reduction in driving voltage could not be achieved, andhole injection (hole injection characteristics) was poor.

The organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure includes an auxiliary layer 131 that is locatedbetween the first electrode 110 and the hole injection layer 132, andincludes a metal having a high work function of 3.8 eV or more, forexample, a Group III metal. Because the metal has a high work functionand electric field-induced band bending (tunneling effect) isreinforced, an injection barrier at an interface between the firstelectrode 110 and the hole injection layer 132 may be lowered, and holeinjection (hole injection characteristics) of the organic light-emittingdevice 10 may be improved.

For example, because the metal fluoride included in the auxiliary layer131 is limited to including a Group III metal, improved electron-holecharge balance in the organic light-emitting device 10 due to adjustmentof the hole injection barrier by the high-work-function metal may resultin improved luminescence efficiency of the device.

In addition, because the hole injection layer 132 or the hole transportlayer includes a p-dopant, the hole injection barrier may be adjusted bysubstituting the high-work-function metal of the fluoride throughreaction of the fluoride with a metal element included in the p-dopant.

The auxiliary layer 131 may function as a dielectric layer.

The metal having a work function of 3.8 eV or more is not particularlylimited, but may be a Group III metal as described above, and forexample, may be at least one selected from aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga),indium (In), and thallium (Tl). For example, the work function of Al maybe from about 4.06 eV to about 4.26 eV, the work function of Ga may beabout 4.32 eV, the work function of In may be about 4.09 eV, and thework function of Tl may be about 3.84 eV.

In some embodiments, the auxiliary layer 131 may include at least oneselected from AlF₃, GaF₃, InF₃, and TIF₃.

The auxiliary layer 131 may include (e.g., consist of) the fluoride ofthe metal and may be a single-film (e.g., a film including or formed ofa single material), or may further include a hole transport material.

For example, the auxiliary layer 131 may further include a holetransport material, and may include the fluoride of a metal and the holetransport material at a volume ratio of 100: x (here, x is greater than0 and less than 100). For example, an amount of the fluoride of a metalincluded in the auxiliary layer 131 is greater than an amount of thehole transport material.

The hole transport material will be described in further detail below.

In one embodiment, the auxiliary layer 131 may be in direct contact withthe first electrode 110.

In one embodiment, the auxiliary layer 131 may be in direct contact withthe hole injection layer 132.

For example, the auxiliary layer 131 may be present at an interfacebetween the first electrode 110 and the hole injection layer 132. Forexample, the auxiliary layer 131 may be directly between the firstelectrode 110 and the hole injection layer 132 (e.g., with nointervening layers).

In one embodiment, the auxiliary layer 131 may have a thickness of about5 Å to about 200 Å.

When the thickness of the auxiliary layer 131 satisfies the range, ahole injection characteristic may vary due to tunneling/thermionicemission according to a film thickness of a fluoride (e.g., holeinjection may occur via tunneling and/or thermionic emission, ascontrolled by the thickness of the metal fluoride film), an optimal orsuitable electron-hole charge balance may be achieved, and theefficiency of an organic light-emitting device may be improved.

In one embodiment, a LUMO energy level of a p-dopant included in thehole injection layer 132 may be less than about −3.5 eV.

For example, the p-dopant may include at least one selected from quinonederivatives, metal oxides, cyano group-containing compounds, and alkylhalides. The p-dopant will be described in more detail below.

For example, the p-dopant may be a metal oxide and may be generatedaccording to Reaction Scheme 1 at an interface between the auxiliarylayer 131 and the hole injection layer 132, and may include a compoundrepresented by metal M and M′F₃:

3MF_(α)+αM′→3M+αM′F₃.  Reaction Scheme 1

In Reaction Scheme 1, M is a Group III metal, M′ is a metal elementincluded in the metal oxide (p-dopant) included in the hole injectionlayer, and a satisfies 0<α<5.

Due to the substitution reaction of the Group III metal and M′ (e.g., asshown in Reaction Scheme 1), a hole injection characteristic of a devicemay be improved.

In one embodiment, the hole injection layer 132 may further include amaterial including an electron withdrawing group (EWG).

The EWG is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, a cyanidegroup (—CN and —NC), a hydroxyl group (—OH), a halide group (—F, —Cl,—Br, and —I), a π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing ring, or anycombination thereof.

In one embodiment, the hole transport region 130 may further include ahole transport layer 133 between the hole injection layer 132 and theemission layer 150, and the hole transport layer 133 may include a holetransport material.

The hole transport material may be understood by referring to therelated description below.

For example, the hole injection layer 132 and the hole transport layer133 may be different (e.g., different in composition, material, and/orstructure) from each other.

For example, the hole transport region 130 may further include anelectron blocking layer between the hole transport layer 133 and theemission layer 150.

Hereinafter, each component of an organic light-emitting device of thepresent disclosure will be described in more detail with reference toFIG. 1.

First Electrode 110

In FIG. 1, a substrate may be disposed under the first electrode 110and/or above the second electrode 190. The substrate may be a glasssubstrate and/or a plastic substrate, each having excellent mechanicalstrength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease ofhandling, and/or water resistance.

The first electrode 110 may be formed by depositing and/or sputtering amaterial for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When thefirst electrode 110 is an anode, a material for forming the firstelectrode 110 may be selected from materials with a high work functionto facilitate hole injection.

The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, asemi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the firstelectrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming thefirst electrode 110 may be selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), indiumzinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), and anycombination thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are notlimited thereto.

When the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or areflective electrode, the material for forming the first electrode 110may be selected from magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al),aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In),magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), and any combination thereof, but embodimentsof the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure, or amulti-layered structure including two or more layers. For example, thefirst electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO,but the structure of the first electrode 110 is not limited thereto.

Organic Layer

An organic layer may be located on the first electrode 110. The organiclayer may include the emission layer 150 and the hole transport region130 between the emission layer 150 and the first electrode 110.

The organic layer may further include an electron transport region 170between the second electrode 190 and the emission layer 150.

Hole Transport Region 130 in Organic Layer

The hole transport region 130 may have i) a single-layered structureincluding (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layeredstructure including (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of differentmaterials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality oflayers including (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of differentmaterials.

The hole transport region 130 may include at least one layer selectedfrom an electron blocking layer and an emission auxiliary layer, inaddition to the auxiliary layer 131, the hole injection layer 132, andthe hole transport layer 133.

For example, the hole transport region 130 may have a multi-layeredstructure having an auxiliary layer 131/hole injection layer 132, anauxiliary layer 131/hole injection layer 132/hole transport layer 133,an auxiliary layer 131/hole injection layer 132/hole transport layer133/emission auxiliary layer, an auxiliary layer 131/hole injectionlayer 132/hole transport layer 133/electron blocking layer, or anauxiliary layer 131/hole injection layer 132/hole transport layer133/emission auxiliary layer, wherein the constituent layers of eachstructure are sequentially stacked from the first electrode 110 in eachstated order, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limitedthereto.

The hole transport region 130 may include a hole transport material.

The hole transport material may include at least one selected fromm-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB(NPD), β-NPB, TPD, spiro-TPD, spiro-NPB,methylated-NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine(TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA),poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS),polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), a compound represented by Formula 201, and acompound represented by Formula 202:

In Formulae 201 and 202,

L201 to L204 may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

L205 may be selected from *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—N(Q₂₀₁)-*′, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3,

xa5 may be an integer from 1 to 10, and

R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independently be selected from asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

For example, in Formula 202, R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ may optionally be linked toeach other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or adiphenyl-methylene group, and R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may optionally be linked toeach other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or adiphenyl-methylene group.

In one embodiment, in Formulae 201 and 202,

L201 to L205 may each independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, anaphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, anindacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylenegroup, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, atriphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, anaphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, apentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, arubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, athiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, anindolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, abenzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, adibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, adibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and apyridinylene group; and

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, anaphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, anindacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylenegroup, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, atriphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, anaphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, apentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, arubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, athiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, anindolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, abenzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, adibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, adibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and apyridinylene group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinylgroup, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, xa1 to xa4 may each independently be 0, 1,or 2.

In one or more embodiments, xa5 may be 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In one or more embodiments, R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independentlybe selected from: a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, apentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group,a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and apyridinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group,an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenylgroup, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group,a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, achrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenylgroup, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, arubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenylgroup, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, anisoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and apyridinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinylgroup, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be the same as describedabove.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 201, at least one of R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₃may each independently be selected from:

a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, acyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkylgroup, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenylgroup, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 202, i) R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ may belinked to each other via a single bond, and/or ii) R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may belinked to each other via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ in Formula 202 may eachindependently be selected from:

a carbazolyl group; and

a carbazolyl group substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, acarbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 maybe represented by Formula 201A:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 maybe represented by Formula 201A(1), but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 maybe represented by Formula 201A-1, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 202 maybe represented by Formula 202A:

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 202 maybe represented by Formula 202A-1:

In Formulae 201A, 201A(1), 201A-1, 202A, and 202A-1,

L201 to L203, xa1 to xa3, xa5, and R₂₀₂ to R₂₀₄ may each independentlybe the same as described above,

R₂₁₁ and R₂₁₂ may each independently be the same as described inconnection with R₂₀₃, and

R₂₁₃ to R₂₁₇ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and apyridinyl group.

The hole transport region 130 may include at least one compound selectedfrom Compounds HT1 to HT45, but embodiments of the present disclosureare not limited thereto:

A thickness of the hole transport region 130 may be about 105 Å to about10,000 Å, for example, about 105 Å to about 1,000 Å. A thickness of thehole injection layer 132 may be about 50 Å to about 9,000 Å, forexample, about 50 Å to about 1,000 Å, and when the hole transport region130 includes the hole transport layer 133, a thickness of the holetransport layer 133 may be about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, for example,about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When thicknesses of the hole transportregion 130, hole injection layer 132, and hole transport layer 133satisfy these ranges, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics maybe obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The emission auxiliary layer may increase the light-emission efficiencyof the device by compensating for an optical resonance distance of lightemitted by the emission layer 150, and the electron blocking layer mayblock or reduce the flow of electrons from the electron transport layer170. The emission auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer mayeach independently include the same materials described above.

p-Dopant

The hole injection layer 132 included in the hole transport region 130may include, as described above, a p-dopant.

In addition, the hole transport region 130 may further include, inaddition to these materials, a charge-generation material forimprovement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material maybe homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in the hole transportregion 130.

The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.

In one embodiment, a LUMO energy level of the p-dopant may be less than−3.5 eV.

The p-dopant may include at least one selected from a quinonederivative, a metal oxide, a cyano group-containing compound, atransition metal halide, and a transition metal telluride, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The term “transition metal” includes d-block elements of the PeriodicTable of Elements, for example, elements in Group 3 to Group 12. Forexample, the transition metal may denote elements of Period 4 to Period7.

For example, the transition metal halide may be at least one selectedfrom CuF, CuCl, CuBr, CuI, NiF₂, NiCl₂, NiBr₂, NiI₂, ZnF₂, ZnCl₂, ZnBr₂,ZnI₂, ZnF₄, and ZnI₄.

For example, the transition metal telluride may be at least one selectedfrom ZnTe, Bi₂Te₃, Bi₇Te₃, Bi₂Te, Bi₄Te₃, BiTe, Bi₆Te₇, Bi₄Te₅,Bi_(x)Te_(y) (0<x<100, 0<y<100, 0<x+y≤100), Sb₂Te₃, In₂Te₃, Ga₂Te₂,Al₂Te₃, Tl₂Te₃, As₂Te₃, GeSbTe, SnTe, PbTe, SiTe, GeTe, FITe, SiGe,AlInSb, AlGaSb, AlAsSb, GaAs, InSb, AlSb, AlAs, Al_(a)In_(a)Sb (0<a<1),Al_(b)In_((1-b))Sb (0<b<1), AlSb, GaSb, and AlInGaAs.

In one embodiment, the p-dopant may include at least one selected from:

a quinone derivative (such as tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and/or2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ));

a metal oxide (such as a tungsten oxide and/or a molybdenum oxide);

1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN); and

a compound represented by Formula 221,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In Formula 221,

R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and at least one of R₂₂₁to R₂₂₃ may have at least one substituent selected from a cyano group,—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —F, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group substituted with —Cl, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with—Br, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —I.

Emission Layer 150

When the organic light-emitting device 10 is a full-color organiclight-emitting device, the emission layer 150 may be patterned into ared emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer,according to a sub-pixel. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer150 may have a stacked structure of two or more layers selected from ared emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer,in which the two or more layers may contact each other or may beseparated from each other. In one or more embodiments, the emissionlayer may include two or more materials selected from a redlight-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a bluelight-emitting material, where the two or more materials may be mixedwith each other in a single layer to emit white light.

The emission layer 150 may include a host and a dopant. The dopant mayinclude at least one selected from a phosphorescent dopant and afluorescent dopant. The dopant may emit one or more of the first-colorlight to the third-color light. For example, the first-color light tothe third-color light may each independently be selected from bluelight, red light, and green light. The amount of the dopant may be about0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts byweight of the host, but embodiments of the present disclosure are notlimited thereto.

An amount of the dopant in the emission layer 150 may be about 0.01parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weightof the host, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limitedthereto.

A thickness of the emission layer 150 may be about 100 Å to about 1,000Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of theemission layer 150 is within the range, excellent luminescencecharacteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase indriving voltage.

Host of Emission Layer 150

In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound representedby Formula 301:

[Ar₃₀₁]_(xb11)-[(L₃₀₁)_(xb1)-R₃₀₁]_(xb21).  Formula 301

In Formula 301,

Ar₃₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L301 may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xb1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

R₃₀₁ may be selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂)(Q₃₀₃), —N(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),—B(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), and

xb21 may be an integer from 1 to 5,

wherein Q₃₀₁ to Q₃₀₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto.

In one embodiment, Ar₃₀₁ in Formula 301 may be selected from:

a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, abenzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, aphenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, atriphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacenegroup, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, anindenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophenegroup; and

a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, abenzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, aphenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, atriphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacenegroup, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, anindenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophenegroup, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F,—Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidinogroup, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto.

When xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or more, two or more Ar₃₀₁(s) may belinked via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 301 maybe represented by Formula 301-1 or 301-2:

In Formulae 301-1 and 301-2

A₃₀₁ to A₃₀₄ may each independently be selected from a benzene ring, anaphthalene ring, a phenanthrene ring, a fluoranthene ring, atriphenylene ring, a pyrene ring, a chrysene ring, a pyridine ring, apyrimidine ring, an indene ring, a fluorene ring, a spiro-bifluorenering, a benzofluorene ring, a dibenzofluorene ring, an indole ring, acarbazole ring, a benzocarbazole ring, a dibenzocarbazole ring, a furanring, a benzofuran ring, a dibenzofuran ring, a naphthofuran ring, abenzonaphthofuran ring, a dinaphthofuran ring, a thiophene ring, abenzothiophene ring, a dibenzothiophene ring, a naphthothiophene ring, abenzonaphthothiophene ring, and a dinaphthothiophene ring,

X₃₀₁ may be O, S, or N-[(L₃₀₄)_(xb4)-R₃₀₄],

R₃₁₁ to R₃₁₄ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2,

L₃₀₁, xb1, R₃₀₁, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be the same asdescribed above,

L₃₀₂ to L₃₀₄ may each independently be the same as described inconnection with L₃₀₁,

xb2 to xb4 may each independently be the same as described in connectionwith xb1, and

R₃₀₂ to R₃₀₄ may each independently be the same as described inconnection with R₃₀₁.

For example, L₃₀₁ to L₃₀₄ in Formulae 301, 301-1, and 301-2 may eachindependently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, anaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, abenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group,an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, afuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolylgroup, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, adibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, animidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolylgroup, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, anoxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, abenzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, aphenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, aphenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, abenzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, atetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinylgroup, an azacarbazolyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be the same as describedabove.

In one embodiment, R₃₀₁ to R₃₀₄ in Formulae 301, 301-1, and 301-2 mayeach independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, aperylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, anindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolylgroup, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be the same as describedabove.

In one or more embodiments, the host may include an alkaline earth metalcomplex. For example, the host may be selected from a Be complex (forexample, Compound H55) and an Mg complex. In some embodiments, the hostmay be a Zn complex.

The host may include at least one selected from9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN),2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN),9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN),4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di-9-carbazolylbenzene(mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), and at least one selectedfrom Compounds H1 to H55, but embodiments of the present disclosure arenot limited thereto:

In one or more embodiments, the host may include at least one of asilicon-containing compound (for example, BCPDS) and a phosphineoxide-containing compound (for example, POPCPA).

The host may include only one compound, or may include two or morecompounds that are different from each other. In one or moreembodiments, the host may have other suitable modifications.

Fluorescent Dopant in Emission Layer 150

The fluorescent dopant may further include an arylamine compound or astyrylamine compound.

The fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula501:

In Formula 501,

Ar₅₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xd1 to xd3 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3,

R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,and

xd4 may be an integer from 1 to 6.

In one embodiment, Ar₅₀₁ in Formula 501 may be selected from:

a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, and an indenophenanthrenegroup; and

a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, and an indenophenanthrenegroup, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F,—Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidinogroup, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ in Formula 501 may eachindependently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, and a pyridinylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, and a pyridinylene group, each substituted withat least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, aphenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group.

In one or more embodiments, R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ in Formula 501 may eachindependently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group, each substituted with atleast one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenylgroup, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and anaphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2, but embodimentsof the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the fluorescent dopant may be selected from Compounds FD1to FD23:

In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may be selected fromthe following compounds, but embodiments of the present disclosure arenot limited thereto:

Electron Transport Region 170 in Organic Layer

The electron transport region 170 may have i) a single-layered structureincluding (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layeredstructure including (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of differentmaterials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality oflayers including (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of differentmaterials.

The electron transport region 170 may include at least one layerselected from a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron controllayer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the electron transport region 170 may have an electrontransport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron controllayer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, abuffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layerstructure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electroninjection layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron controllayer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or ahole blocking layer/buffer layer/electron transport layer/electroninjection layer structure, wherein the constituting layers of eachstructure are sequentially stacked from the emission layer 150, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The electron transport region 170 (for example, a buffer layer, a holeblocking layer, an electron control layer, and/or an electron transportlayer in the electron transport region 170) may include a metal-freecompound containing at least one π-electron-deficientnitrogen-containing ring.

The term “π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing ring” refers to aC₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group having at least one *—N═*′ moiety as aring-forming moiety.

For example, the “π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing ring” may be:i) a 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic group having at least one*—N═*′ moiety, ii) a heteropolycyclic group in which two or more5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups, each having at leastone *—N═*′ moiety, are condensed with each other, or iii) aheteropolycyclic group in which one or more 5-membered to 7-memberedheteromonocyclic groups, each having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, iscondensed with at least one C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group.

Non-limiting examples of the π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containingring include an imidazole ring, a pyrazole ring, a thiazole ring, anisothiazole ring, an oxazole ring, an isoxazole ring, a pyridine ring, apyrazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyridazine ring, an indazole ring, apurine ring, a quinoline ring, an isoquinoline ring, a benzoquinolinering, a phthalazine ring, a naphthyridine ring, a quinoxaline ring, aquinazoline ring, a cinnoline ring, a phenanthridine ring, an acridinering, a phenanthroline ring, a phenazine ring, a benzimidazole ring, anisobenzothiazole ring, a benzoxazole ring, an isobenzoxazole ring, atriazole ring, a tetrazole ring, an oxadiazole ring, a triazine ring, athiadiazole ring, an imidazopyridine ring, an imidazopyrimidine ring,and an azacarbazole ring.

For example, the electron transport region 170 may include a compoundrepresented by Formula 601:

[Ar₆₀₁]_(xe11)-[(L₆₀₁)_(xe1)-R₆₀₁]_(xe21).  Formula 601

In Formula 601,

Ar₆₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xe1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

R₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂)(Q₆₀₃), —C(═O)(Q₆₀₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

Q₆₀₁ to Q₆₀₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or anaphthyl group, and

xe21 may be an integer from 1 to 5.

In one embodiment, at least one of the xe11 Ar₆₀₁(s) and the xe21R₆₀₁(s) may include the π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing ring.

In one embodiment, ring Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be selected from:

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, adibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, apyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazolegroup, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group,a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, aphthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, aquinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, anacridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, abenzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, anisobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazolegroup, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group,an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group; and

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, adibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, apyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazolegroup, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group,a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, aphthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, aquinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, anacridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, abenzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, anisobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazolegroup, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group,an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, aphenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group,—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

When xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more Ar₆₀₁(s) may belinked to each other via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be an anthracenegroup.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 601 maybe represented by Formula 601-1:

In Formula 601-1,

X₆₁₄ may be N or C(R₆₁₄), X₆₁₅ may be N or C(R₆₁₅), X₆₁₆ may be N orC(R₆₁₆), and at least one of X₆₁₄ to X₆₁₆ may be N,

L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ may each independently be the same as described inconnection with L₆₀₁,

xe611 to xe613 may each independently be the same as described inconnection with xe1,

R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ may each independently be the same as described inconnection with R₆₀₁, and

R₆₁₄ to R₆₁₆ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In one embodiment, L₆₀₁ and L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ in Formulae 601 and 601-1 mayeach independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, anaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, abenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group,an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, afuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolylgroup, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, adibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, animidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolylgroup, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, anoxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, abenzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, aphenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, aphenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, abenzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, atetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinylgroup, and an azacarbazolyl group,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In one or more embodiments, R₆₀₁ and R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ in Formulae 601 and601-1 may each independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group;

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, aperylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, anindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group; and

—S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁) and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

wherein Q₆₀₁ and Q₆₀₂ may each independently be the same as describedabove.

The hole transport region 170 may include at least one compound selectedfrom Compounds ET1 to ET37, but embodiments of the present disclosureare not limited thereto:

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region 170 mayinclude at least one compound selected from2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP),4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq₃, BAlq,3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole(TAZ), 2,4,6-tris(biphenyl-3-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (T2T),2,4,6-tris(3-(pyrimidin-5-yl)phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPM-TAZ), and NTAZ.

In one embodiment, the electron transport region 170 may include aphosphine oxide-containing compound, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto. In one embodiment, the phosphineoxide-containing compound may be used in a hole blocking layer in theelectron transport region 170, but embodiments of the present disclosureare not limited thereto.

The thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and theelectron control layer may each independently be about 20 Å to about1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thicknesses ofthe buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron controllayer are within these ranges, excellent hole blocking characteristicsand/or excellent electron control characteristics may be obtainedwithout a substantial increase in driving voltage.

A thickness of the electron transport layer may be about 50 Å to about1,000 Å, for example, from about 50 Å to about 500 Å. When the thicknessof the electron transport layer is within the range, the electrontransport layer may have satisfactory electron transport characteristicswithout a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport region 170 (for example, the electron transportlayer in the electron transport region 170) may further include, inaddition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include at least one selected from analkali metal complex and an alkaline earth-metal complex. The alkalimetal complex may include a metal ion selected from a Li ion, a Na ion,a K ion, a Rb ion, and a Cs ion, and the alkaline earth-metal complexmay include a metal ion selected from a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Srion, and a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkalimetal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may be selected from ahydroxy quinoline, a hydroxy isoquinoline, a hydroxy benzoquinoline, ahydroxy acridine, a hydroxy phenanthridine, a hydroxy phenyloxazole, ahydroxy phenylthiazole, a hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxydiphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxy phenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, aphenanthroline, and a cyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. TheLi complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (lithium quinolate,LiQ) or ET-D2:

The electron transport region 170 may include an electron injectionlayer to facilitate injection of electrons from the second electrode190. The electron injection layer may be in direct contact with thesecond electrode 190.

The electron injection layer may have: i) a single-layered structureincluding (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layeredstructure including (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of differentmaterials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality oflayers including (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of differentmaterials.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkalineearth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkalineearth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metalcomplex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, orany combination thereof.

The alkali metal may be selected from Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs. In oneembodiment, the alkali metal may be Li, Na, or Cs. In one or moreembodiments, the alkali metal may be Li or Cs, but embodiments of thepresent disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth metal may be selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.

The rare earth metal may be selected from scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y),cerium (Ce), terbium (Tb), ytterbium (Yb), and gadolinium (Gd).

The alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth-metal compound, and therare earth metal compound may be selected from oxides and halides (forexample, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and/or iodides) of the alkalimetal, the alkaline earth-metal, and the rare earth metal, respectively.

The alkali metal compound may be selected from alkali metal oxides (suchas Li₂O, Cs₂O, and/or K₂O), and alkali metal halides (such as LiF, NaF,CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, and/or KI). In one embodiment, the alkali metalcompound may be selected from LiF, Li₂O, NaF, LiI, NaI, CsI, and KI, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth-metal compound may be selected from alkalineearth-metal oxides (such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba_(x)Sr_(1-x)O (0<x<1),and/or Ba_(x)Ca_(1-x)O (0<x<1)).

In one embodiment, the alkaline earth-metal compound may be selectedfrom BaO, SrO, and CaO, but embodiments of the present disclosure arenot limited thereto.

The rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, Sc₂O₃,Y₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, GdF₃, and TbF₃. In one embodiment, the rare earth metalcompound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, TbF₃, YbI₃, ScI₃, and TbI₃,but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rareearth metal complex may respectively include ions of an alkali metal, analkaline earth-metal, and a rare earth metal as described above, andeach ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex,the alkaline earth-metal complex, or the rare earth metal complex may beselected from hydroxy quinoline, hydroxy isoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxy acridine, hydroxy phenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxy phenylthiazole, hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole,hydroxy diphenylthiadiazole, hydroxy phenylpyridine, hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine,phenanthroline, and cyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto.

The electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) an alkalimetal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metalcompound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound,an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earthmetal complex, or any combination thereof, as described above. In one ormore embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include anorganic material. When the electron injection layer further includes anorganic material, the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earthmetal, alkali metal compound, alkaline earth-metal compound, rare earthmetal compound, alkali metal complex, alkaline earth-metal complex, rareearth metal complex, or combination thereof may be homogeneously ornon-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be about 1 Å to about100 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of theelectron injection layer is within the range, the electron injectionlayer may have satisfactory electron injection characteristics without asubstantial increase in driving voltage.

Second Electrode 190

The second electrode 190 is located on the above-described organiclayer. The second electrode 190 may be a cathode, which is an electroninjection electrode, and in this regard, a material for forming thesecond electrode 190 may be selected from a metal, an alloy, anelectrically conductive compound, and a combination thereof, each havinga relatively low work function.

The second electrode 190 may include at least one selected from lithium(Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (AI), aluminum-lithium(Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver(Mg—Ag), ITO, and IZO, but embodiments of the present disclosure are notlimited thereto. The second electrode 190 may be a transmissiveelectrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

The second electrode 190 may have a single-layered structure or amulti-layered structure including two or more layers.

The organic light-emitting device 10 may further include a capping layerpositioned in a direction of light emission. The capping layer mayincrease the external luminescence efficiency of the device according tothe principle of constructive interference.

The capping layer may be an organic capping layer including (e.g.,consisting of) an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including(e.g., consisting of) an inorganic material, or a composite cappinglayer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

The capping layer may include at least one material selected fromcarbocyclic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, amine-based compounds,porphyrin derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, naphthalocyaninederivatives, alkali metal complexes, and alkaline earth-metal complexes.The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine-basedcompound may be optionally substituted with a substituent containing atleast one element selected from O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, and I.

In one embodiment, the capping layer may include an amine-basedcompound.

In one or more embodiments, the capping layer may include a compoundrepresented by Formula 201 or a compound represented by Formula 202.

In one or more embodiments, the capping layer may include a compoundselected from Compounds HT28 to HT33 and Compounds CP1 to CP5 below, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

Description of FIG. 2

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a structure of an organic light-emittingdevice 20 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 2, the organic light-emitting device 20 according toanother aspect of the present disclosure includes: a first electrode110; a second electrode 190 facing the first electrode 110; m emissionunits ELU1, ELU(m−1), and ELU(m) between the first electrode 110 and thesecond electrode 190; and m−1 charge generating layers CGL(m−1) locatedbetween two adjacent emission units of the m emission units ELU1,ELU(m−1), and ELU(m), each of the charge generating layers CGL(m−1)including one n-type charge generating layer and one p-type chargegenerating layer, wherein m is an integer of 2 or more, the m emissionunits ELU1, ELU(m−1), and ELU(m) each include a hole transport region,an emission layer, and an electron transport region stacked in thisorder, a first hole transport region 130 of the m hole transport regionsincludes a hole injection layer 132 between the first electrode 110 anda first emission layer 150 and an auxiliary layer 131 between the firstelectrode 110 and the hole injection layer 132, the auxiliary layer 131includes a fluoride of a metal having a work function of 3.8 eV or more,and the hole injection layer 132 includes a p-dopant.

For example, the hole transport region 130 may further include a holetransport layer 133 between the first electrode 110 and the holeinjection layer 132.

The first electrode 110, the hole transport region 150, the auxiliarylayer 131, the hole injection layer 132, the hole transport layer 133,the emission layer 150, the electron transport region, and the secondelectrode 190 may each independently be the same as described above.

Furthermore, the charge generating layer CGL(m−1) may be understood byreferring to the descriptions of the hole transport region 130 (e.g.,corresponding to the p-type charge generating layer) and the electrontransport region 170 (e.g., corresponding to the n-type chargegenerating layer).

For example, the charge generating layer CGL(m−1) may include a samecompound included in the hole transport region 130 and/or the electrontransport region 170.

Hereinbefore, the organic light-emitting device 10 has been described inconnection with FIGS. 1 to 2. However, embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto.

The layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer,and the layers constituting the electron transport region may be formedin a set or predetermined region using one or more suitable methodsselected from vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting,Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, andlaser-induced thermal imaging.

When the layers constituting the hole transport region, the emissionlayer, and the layers constituting the electron transport region areformed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at adeposition temperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., a vacuumdegree of about 10⁻⁸ torr to about 10⁻³ torr, and a deposition speed ofabout 0.01 Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec, depending on the material to beincluded and the structure of the layer to be formed.

When the layers constituting the hole transport region, the emissionlayer, and the layers constituting the electron transport region areformed by spin coating, the spin coating may be performed at a coatingspeed of about 2,000 rpm to about 5,000 rpm and at a heat treatmenttemperature of about 80° C. to 200° C., depending on the material to beincluded and the structure of the layer to be formed.

Apparatus

The organic light-emitting device as described above may be included inany suitable apparatus.

Another aspect of the present disclosure provides an apparatus includingthe organic light-emitting device.

For example, the apparatus may be a light-emitting apparatus, anauthentication apparatus, or an electronic apparatus, but embodiments ofthe present disclosure are not limited thereto.

Light-Emitting Apparatus

In a light-emitting apparatus, a color filter may be located on or alongat least one traveling direction of light emitted from the organiclight-emitting device.

In one embodiment, the organic light-emitting device may include a firstelectrode, a first emission unit, a first charge generating unit, asecond emission unit, and a second electrode. For example, the firstemission unit and the second emission unit may each be to emit bluelight, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limitedthereto.

A first substrate of the light-emitting apparatus may include aplurality of subpixel areas, and the color filter may include aplurality of color filter areas respectively corresponding to theplurality of subpixel areas. A pixel-defining film may be formed betweenthe plurality of subpixel areas to define each of the subpixel areas.The color filter may include light blocking patterns between theplurality of color filter areas.

The plurality of color filter areas may include a first color filterarea to emit first color light, a second color filter area to emitsecond color light, and a third color filter area to emit third colorlight, where the first color light, the second color light, and thethird color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths fromone another. For example, the first color light may be red light, thesecond color light may be green light, and the third color light may beblue light, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limitedthereto.

The first color filter area, the second color filter area, and the thirdcolor filter area may each further include a scatter, but embodiments ofthe present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one embodiment, the organic light-emitting device may be to emitfirst light, the first color filter area may be to absorb the firstlight and emit first first-color light, the second color filter area maybe to absorb the first light and emit second first-color light, and thethird color filter area may be to absorb the first light and emit thirdfirst-color light. In this regard, the first first-color light, thesecond first-color light, and the third first-color light may havedifferent maximum emission wavelengths from one another. For example,the first light may be blue light, the first first-color light may bered light, the second first-color light may be green light, and thethird first-color light may be blue light, but embodiments of thepresent disclosure are not limited thereto.

The light-emitting apparatus may further include a thin-film transistorin addition to the organic light-emitting device as described above. Thethin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode,and an activation layer, wherein any one of the source electrode or thedrain electrode may be electrically connected to any one of the firstelectrode or the second electrode of the organic light-emitting device(e.g., connected to either the first electrode or the second electrode).

The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gateinsulation layer, and/or the like.

The activation layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon,an organic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, and/or the like, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The light-emitting apparatus may further include a sealing portion forsealing an organic light-emitting device. The sealing portion may belocated between the color filter and the organic light-emitting device.The sealing portion may allow an image from the organic light-emittingdevice to be implemented and may block outside air and moisture frompenetrating into the organic light-emitting device. The sealing portionmay be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass or a plasticsubstrate. The sealing portion may be a thin film encapsulation layerincluding a plurality of organic layers and/or a plurality of inorganiclayers. When the sealing portion is a thin-film encapsulation layer, theentire light-emitting apparatus may be flexible.

The light-emitting apparatus may be used as any suitable display, lightsource, and/or the like.

Authentication Apparatus

The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometricauthentication apparatus for authenticating an individual usingbiometric information of a biometric body (for example, a fingertip, apupil, and/or the like).

The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to theorganic light-emitting device, a biometric information collector.

Electronic Apparatus

The electronic apparatus may be applied to personal computers (forexample, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras,electronic organizers, electronic dictionaries, electronic gamemachines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers,sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices,pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram (ECG) displays,ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders, anysuitable measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for avehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors, and/or the like, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

General Definition of Substituents

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group” as used herein refers to a linear orbranched aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a methyl group,an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, atert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isoamyl group, and a hexyl group.The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalentgroup having substantially the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbongroup having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or atthe terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and non-limiting examplesthereof include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group.The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalentgroup having substantially the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkenylgroup.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbongroup having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or atthe terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and non-limiting examplesthereof include an ethynyl group, and a propynyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀alkynylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group havingsubstantially the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group” as used herein refers to a monovalentgroup represented by —OA₁₀₁ (wherein A₁₀₁ is a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group), andnon-limiting examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group,and an isopropyloxy group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalentsaturated hydrocarbon monocyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, andnon-limiting examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutylgroup, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group.The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to adivalent group having substantially the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to amonovalent monocyclic group having at least one heteroatom selected fromN, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 10 carbon atoms, andnon-limiting examples thereof include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group,a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term“C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalentgroup having substantially the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group” used herein refers to a monovalentmonocyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one carbon-carbondouble bond in the ring thereof, and no aromaticity, and non-limitingexamples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group” asused herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the samestructure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to amonovalent monocyclic group having at least one heteroatom selected fromN, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and atleast one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring. Non-limiting examplesof the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group include a4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, anda 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylenegroup” as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantiallythe same structure as the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent grouphaving a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, andthe term “C₆-C₆₀ arylene group” as used herein refers to a divalentgroup having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms.Non-limiting examples of the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group include a phenyl group, anaphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenylgroup, and a chrysenyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀arylene group each include two or more rings, the two or more rings maybe fused to each other.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalentgroup having a heterocyclic aromatic system having at least oneheteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, inaddition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group” as used herein refers to adivalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has at leastone heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom,in addition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, apyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinylgroup, and an isoquinolinyl group. When the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group andthe C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the twoor more rings may be condensed with each other.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group” as used herein refers to —OA₁₀₂ (whereinA₁₀₂ is a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group), and the term “C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group” asused herein refers to —SA₁₀₃ (wherein A₁₀₃ is a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group).

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as usedherein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 8 to 60 carbonatoms) having two or more rings condensed with each other, only carbonatoms as ring-forming atoms, and non-aromaticity in its entire molecularstructure. A non-limiting example of the monovalent non-aromaticcondensed polycyclic group is a fluorenyl group. The term “divalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to adivalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” asused herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more ringscondensed with each other, at least one heteroatom selected from N, O,Si, P, and S in addition to carbon atoms (for example, 1 to 60 carbonatoms), as ring-forming atoms, and non-aromaticity in its entiremolecular structure. A non-limiting example of the monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is a carbazolyl group. Theterm “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as usedherein refers to a divalent group having substantially the samestructure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclicgroup.

The term “C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to amonocyclic or polycyclic group having 4 to 60 carbon atoms, in which thering-forming atoms are carbon atoms only. The term “C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclicgroup” as used herein refers to an aromatic carbocyclic group or anon-aromatic carbocyclic group. The C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be aring (such as benzene), a monovalent group (such as a phenyl group), ora divalent group (such as a phenylene group). In one or moreembodiments, depending on the number of substituents connected to theC₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be atrivalent group or a quadrivalent group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ heterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a grouphaving substantially the same structure as the C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group,except that at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S isused in addition to carbon (for example, 2 to 60 carbon atoms) as aring-forming atom.

In the present specification, at least one substituent of thesubstituted C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀heterocyclic group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, thesubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylenegroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, thesubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group,the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substitutedC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylgroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxygroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group may be selected from:

deuterium (-D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, anda C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group,and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selectedfrom deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,—Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂);

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃),—N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and—P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently beselected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkylgroup substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, and acyano group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group substituted with at least one selectedfrom deuterium, —F, and a cyano group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenylgroup.

The term “Ph” as used herein refers to a phenyl group, the term “Me” asused herein refers to a methyl group, the term “Et” as used hereinrefers to an ethyl group, the term “ter-Bu” or “Bu^(t)” as used hereinrefers to a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe” as used herein refersto a methoxy group.

The term “biphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl groupsubstituted with a phenyl group”. In other words, the “biphenyl group”is a substituted phenyl group having a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group as asubstituent.

The term “terphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl groupsubstituted with a biphenyl group”. In other words, the “terphenylgroup” is a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group substituted with a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group.

*, *′, and *″, as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to abinding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula.

Hereinafter, an organic light-emitting device according to embodimentsof the present disclosure will be described in more detail withreference to Examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1

As an anode, a 15 Ω/cm² (1,200 Å) ITO/Ag/ITO glass substrate fromCorning, Inc. was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated withisopropyl alcohol and pure water each for 5 minutes, and then cleaned byirradiation of ultraviolet rays and exposure to ozone for 30 minutes.Then, the glass substrate was loaded onto a vacuum deposition apparatus.

AlF₃ was vacuum-deposited on the glass substrate to form an auxiliarylayer having a thickness of 15 Å, HT45 and F₄-TCNQ were co-deposited ata volume ratio of 90:10 thereon to form a hole injection layer having athickness of 50 Å, and then HT45 was vacuum-deposited thereon to form afirst hole transport layer having a thickness of 165 Å.

TCTA was deposited on the first hole transport layer to form a secondhole transport layer having a thickness of 50 Å, and H18 (host) and FD23(dopant) were co-deposited at a volume ratio of 100:3 on the second holetransport layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 170 Å.

T2T was deposited on the emission layer to form a first electrontransport layer having a thickness of 50 Å, and TPM-TAZ and LiQ wereco-deposited at a volume ratio of 1:1 on the first electron transportlayer to form a second electron transport layer having a thickness of250 Å, thereby completing the formation of a first emission unit.

ET37 and Li were co-deposited at a volume ratio of 99:1 on the firstemission unit to form an n-type charge generating layer having athickness of 100 Å, and HT45 and F₄-TCNQ were co-deposited at a volumeratio of 90:10 thereon to form a p-type charge generating layer having athickness of 100 Å, thereby completing the formation of a first chargegenerating unit.

HT45 was deposited on the first charge generating unit to form a firsthole transport layer having a thickness of 530 Å, TCTA was deposited onthe first hole transport layer to form a second hole transport layerhaving a thickness of 50 Å, H18 and FD23 were co-deposited at a volumeratio of 100:3 on the second hole transport layer to form an emissionlayer having a thickness of 170 Å, T2T was deposited on the emissionlayer to form a first electron transport layer having a thickness of 50Å, and TPM-TAZ and LiQ were co-deposited at a volume ratio of 1:1 on thefirst electron transport layer to form a second electron transport layerhaving a thickness of 250 Å, thereby completing the formation of asecond emission unit.

ET37 and Li were co-deposited at a volume ratio of 99:1 on the secondemission unit to form an n-type charge generating layer having athickness of 100 Å, and HT45 and F4-TCNQ were co-deposited at a volumeratio of 90:10 thereon to form a p-type charge generating layer having athickness of 100 Å, thereby completing the formation of a second chargegenerating unit.

HT45 was deposited on the second charge generating unit to form a firsthole transport layer having a thickness of 470 Å, TCTA was deposited onthe first hole transport layer to form a second hole transport layerhaving a thickness of 50 Å, H18 and FD23 were co-deposited at a volumeratio of 100:3 on the second hole transport layer to form an emissionlayer having a thickness of 170 Å, T2T was deposited on the emissionlayer to form a first electron transport layer having a thickness of 50Å, and TPM-TAZ and LiQ were co-deposited at a volume ratio of 1:1 on thefirst electron transport layer to form a second electron transport layerhaving a thickness of 350 Å, thereby completing the formation of a thirdemission unit.

KI and Yb were co-deposited at a volume ratio of 90:10 on the thirdemission unit to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of11 Å.

Ag and Mg were co-deposited at a volume ratio of 9:1 on the electroninjection layer to form a cathode having a thickness of 140 Å, therebycompleting the manufacture of a tandem organic light-emitting device.

Example 2

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially thesame manner as in Example 1, except that HT45 and AlF₃ were co-depositedat a volume ratio of 100:30 to form an auxiliary layer having athickness of 15 Å instead of the AlF₃ auxiliary layer.

Example 3

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially thesame manner as in Example 1, except that in Example 1, the n-type chargegenerating layer was formed to have a thickness of 50 Å, the first holetransport layer of the second emission unit was formed to have athickness of 580 Å, and the first hole transport layer of the thirdemission unit was formed to have a thickness of 520 Å.

Example 4

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially thesame manner as in Example 3, except that in the first emission unit ofExample 3, the hole injection layer is not included between the AlF₃auxiliary layer and the hole transport layer, and HT45 wasvacuum-deposited to form a first hole transport layer having a thicknessof 215 Å.

Comparative Example 1

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially thesame manner as in Example 1, except that the AlF₃ auxiliary layer wasnot included between the anode and the hole injection layer, and HT45was vacuum-deposited to form a first hole transport layer having athickness of 178 Å of a first emission unit.

Comparative Example 2

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially thesame manner as in Example 3, except that in Example 3, the AlF₃auxiliary layer was not included between the anode and the holeinjection layer, and HT45 was vacuum-deposited to form a first holetransport layer having a thickness of 178 Å of a first emission unit.

Comparative Example 3

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially thesame manner as in Example 3, except that the AlF₃ auxiliary layer andthe hole injection layer were not included between the anode and thefirst hole transport layer, and HT45 was vacuum-deposited to form afirst hole transport layer having a thickness of 228 Å of a firstemission unit.

Comparative Example 4

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially thesame manner as in Example 1, except that Compound A and AlF₃ wereco-deposited at a weight ratio of 95:5 on the glass substrate to form anauxiliary layer, a hole injection layer was not formed, and a holetransport layer was directly deposited on the auxiliary layer.

Comparative Example 5

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially thesame manner as in Example 1, except that on the anode, without formingan auxiliary layer, Compound B and Compound C were co-deposited at aweight ratio of 3:97 to form a hole injection layer on the anode,without forming an auxiliary layer.

Evaluation Example 1

The driving voltage, change in driving voltage, current efficiency,lifespan, and CIE color coordinate of the organic light-emitting devicesmanufactured according to Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1were measured using a Keithley SMU 236 and a luminance meter PR650, andthe results are shown in Table 1. The lifespan (T97) is a period of timetaken until the luminance (@1,464 nit) was reduced to 97% of initialluminance (100%) after an organic light-emitting device was driven.

TABLE 1 First emission unit Thickness of n-type Hole charge DrivingCurrent Lifespan Color Auxiliary injection generating voltage efficiency(T₉₇) coordinate layer layer layer (V) (cd/A) (hr) (y) Example 1 AlF₃ ◯100 Å 10.7 38.8 433 0.136 Example 2 HT45:AlF₃ ◯ 10.8 37.1 461 0.144(100:30) Comparative (none) ◯ 11.1 35.9 427 0.138 Example 1

Referring to Table 1, it is confirmed that the organic light-emittingdevices manufactured according to Examples 1 and 2 have reduced drivingvoltages and improved efficiencies, compared to the organiclight-emitting device manufactured according to Comparative Example 1,and the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according toExamples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1 are on the same level interms of lifespan.

Evaluation Example 2

The driving voltage, change in driving voltage, current efficiency,lifespan, and CIE color coordinate of the organic light-emitting devicesmanufactured according to Examples 3 and 4 and Comparative Examples 2and 3 were measured using a Keithley SMU 236 and a luminance meterPR650, and the results are shown in Table 2. The lifespan (T₉₇) is aperiod of time taken until the luminance (@1,464 nit) was reduced to 97%of initial luminance (100%) after an organic light-emitting device wasdriven.

TABLE 2 First emission unit Thickness of n-type Hole charge DrivingCurrent Lifespan Color Auxiliary injection generating voltage efficiency(T₉₇) coordinate layer layer layer (V) (cd/A) (hr) (y) Example 3 AlF₃ ◯50 Å 12.3 36.3 291 0.090 Example 4 AlF₃ (none) 12.2 37.0 283 0.090Comparative (none) ◯ 12.6 35.7 282 0.088 Example 2 Comparative (none)(none) 13.1 35.8 8 0.087 Example 3

Referring to Table 2, it is confirmed that the organic light-emittingdevices manufactured according to Examples 3 and 4 have reduced drivingvoltage and improved efficiency, compared to the organic light-emittingdevice manufactured according to Comparative Example 2, and the organiclight-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 3 and 4 andComparative Example 2 are on the same level in terms of lifespan. Forexample, it is confirmed that the organic light-emitting devicemanufactured according to Example 4 has similar characteristics as theorganic light-emitting device manufactured according to Example 3despite absence of a hole injection layer. In contrast, it is confirmedthat an organic light-emitting device that does not have an auxiliarylayer such as the organic light-emitting devices manufactured accordingto Comparative Examples 2 and 3 has increased driving voltage andreduced lifespan.

According to embodiments of the present disclosure, when a fluoride of ametal included in the auxiliary layer has a high dielectric constant, anenergy barrier between a first electrode and a hole injection layer maybe mitigated or decreased through band bending, a work function may belowered through electron transfer between materials included in the holeinjection layer adjacent to the auxiliary layer, and hole injectioncharacteristics may be improved.

As used herein, the terms “substantially,” “about,” and similar termsare used as terms of approximation and not as terms of degree, and areintended to account for the inherent deviations in measured orcalculated values that would be recognized by those of ordinary skill inthe art.

Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-rangesof the same numerical precision subsumed within the recited range. Forexample, a range of “1.0 to 10.0” is intended to include all subrangesbetween (and including) the recited minimum value of 1.0 and the recitedmaximum value of 10.0, that is, having a minimum value equal to orgreater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, suchas, for example, 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limitation recitedherein is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumedtherein and any minimum numerical limitation recited in thisspecification is intended to include all higher numerical limitationssubsumed therein. Accordingly, Applicant reserves the right to amendthis specification, including the claims, to expressly recite anysub-range subsumed within the ranges expressly recited herein.

It should be understood that the embodiments described herein should beconsidered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes oflimitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodimentshould typically be considered as being available for other similarfeatures or aspects in other embodiments. While one or more embodimentshave been described with reference to the drawings, it will beunderstood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes inform and details may be made therein without departing from the spiritand scope as defined by the following claims and equivalents thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. An organic light-emitting device comprising: afirst electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and anorganic layer comprising: an emission layer between the first electrodeand the second electrode; and a hole transport region between the firstelectrode and the emission layer, wherein the hole transport regioncomprises: a hole injection layer and/or a hole transport layer locatedbetween the first electrode and the emission layer; and an auxiliarylayer between the first electrode and one of the hole injection layer orthe hole transport layer, the auxiliary layer comprises a fluoride of ametal having a work function of 3.8 eV or more, and the one of the holeinjection layer or the hole transport layer comprises a p-dopant.
 2. Theorganic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the metal having awork function of 3.8 eV or more is a Group III metal.
 3. The organiclight-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the metal having a workfunction of 3.8 eV or more is at least one selected from aluminum (Al),gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl).
 4. The organiclight-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the auxiliary layer comprisesat least one selected from AlF₃, GaF₃, InF₃, and TIF₃.
 5. The organiclight-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the auxiliary layer consistsof a single film of the fluoride of the metal, or further comprises ahole transport material.
 6. The organic light-emitting device of claim1, wherein the auxiliary layer further comprises a hole transportmaterial, and comprises the fluoride of the metal and the hole transportmaterial at a volume ratio of 100: x (where x is greater than 0 and lessthan 100).
 7. The organic light-emitting device of claim 6, wherein thehole transport material is at least one selected from m-MTDATA, TDATA,2-TNATA, NPB, β-NPB, TPD, spiro-TPD, spiro-NPB, α-NPB, TAPC, HMTPD,4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA),polyaniline/dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS),polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), a compound represented by Formula 201, and acompound represented by Formula 202:

wherein, in Formulae 201 and 202, L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₅ are each independentlyselected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group,a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substitutedor unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,xa1 to xa4 are each independently selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3, xa5 isselected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ are each independentlyselected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group.
 8. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1,wherein the auxiliary layer directly contacts the first electrode. 9.The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the auxiliarylayer directly contacts the one of the hole injection layer or the holetransport layer.
 10. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1,wherein the auxiliary layer has a thickness of about 5 Å to about 200 Å.11. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the p-dopanthas a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of lessthan about −3.5 eV.
 12. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1,wherein the p-dopant comprises at least one selected from quinonederivatives, metal oxides, cyano group-containing compounds, and alkylhalides.
 13. The organic light-emitting device of claim 12, wherein thep-dopant is a metal oxide generated according to Reaction Scheme 1 at aninterface between the auxiliary layer and the one of the hole injectionlayer or the hole transport layer, and comprises a compound representedby metal M and M′F3:3MF_(α)+αM′→3M+αM′F₃.  Reaction Scheme 1 wherein, in Reaction Scheme 1,M is a Group III metal, M′ is a metal element included in the metaloxide comprised in the one of the hole injection layer or the holetransport layer, and α satisfies 0<α<5.
 14. The organic light-emittingdevice of claim 1, wherein the one of the hole injection layer or thehole transport layer further comprises a material including an electronwithdrawing group (EWG).
 15. The organic light-emitting device of claim1, wherein the hole transport region comprises: the hole injectionlayer; and the hole transport layer between the hole injection layer andthe emission layer, the hole injection layer comprises a p-dopant, andthe hole transport layer comprises a hole transport material.
 16. Theorganic light-emitting device of claim 15, wherein the hole transportregion further comprises an electron blocking layer between the holetransport layer and the emission layer.
 17. The organic light-emittingdevice of claim 1, wherein an electron transport region is furtherlocated between the emission layer and the second electrode, and theelectron transport region comprises an electron transport material. 18.The organic light-emitting device of claim 17, wherein the electrontransport region comprises at least one layer selected from a bufferlayer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electrontransport layer, and an electron injection layer.
 19. An organiclight-emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrodefacing the first electrode; m emission units between the first electrodeand the second electrode; and m−1 charge generating layers between twoadjacent emission units of the m emission units, each of the m−1 chargegenerating layers comprising one n-type charge generating layer and onep-type charge generating layer, wherein m is an integer of 2 or more,the m emission units each comprise a hole transport region, an emissionunit, and an electron transport region, arranged in order, a first holetransport region of the m hole transport regions comprises: a holeinjection layer and/or a hole transport layer located between the firstelectrode and a first emission layer; and an auxiliary layer between thefirst electrode and one of the hole injection layer or the holetransport layer, the auxiliary layer comprises a fluoride of a metalhaving a work function of 3.8 eV or more, and the one of the holeinjection layer or the hole transport layer comprises a p-dopant.
 20. Adisplay apparatus comprising: a thin-film transistor comprising a sourceelectrode, a drain electrode, and an activation layer; and the organiclight-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first electrode of theorganic light-emitting device is in electrical connection with oneselected from the source electrode and the drain electrode of thethin-film transistor.